Marxism is a socioeconomic theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that analyzes societal development through the lens of class struggle and historical materialism. It critiques capitalism’s inherent inequalities and proposes a communist society as its eventual successor.
Key Characteristics / Core Concepts
- Class Struggle: The central conflict between the bourgeoisie (owners of capital) and the proletariat (working class).
- Historical Materialism: The idea that history is driven by material conditions and economic systems, rather than ideas or individuals.
- Surplus Value: The difference between the value a worker produces and the wages they receive, which is appropriated by the capitalist.
- Alienation: The estrangement of workers from their labor, the products they create, and their fellow humans under capitalism.
- Revolution: The necessary overthrow of capitalism through proletarian action to achieve a classless society.
How It Works / Its Function
Marxism posits that capitalism inherently creates exploitation because capitalists extract surplus value from the workers. This leads to alienation and class conflict, which eventually culminates in a proletarian revolution. This revolution abolishes private property and establishes a communist society characterized by collective ownership of the means of production and the absence of class distinctions.
Examples
- The Russian Revolution of 1917, which led to the formation of the Soviet Union, is often cited as a historical example of Marxism in action, though its interpretation is widely debated.
- Many labor movements throughout history have incorporated Marxist ideals to advocate for workers’ rights and better working conditions.
- Certain socialist and communist political parties globally base their ideologies and strategies on Marxist principles, though adapted to different national contexts.
Why is it Important? / Significance
Marxism remains significant due to its enduring critique of capitalism and its influence on social movements and political thought. While the predicted revolution hasn’t unfolded in the precise way Marx envisioned, his analysis of class inequalities and economic exploitation continues to resonate in contemporary society.
Understanding Marxism provides a framework for analyzing power dynamics, economic systems, and social inequalities.
Related Concepts
- Capitalism
- Communism
- Socialism